My original scientific training was in marine botany and ecology, and in my first position as curator of algae at the United States National Museum, my research focused on the roles of algae in the coral reef ecosystem. While my interests have broadened over the years, I have maintained my membership in the principal phycological societies and followed the literature to stay generally abreast of the field.

POSITIONS:
Retired from the United Nations, August 2002.
Director, Coral Reef Unit, Division of Environmental Conventions, United Nations Environment Programme, Geneva, Switzerland, 2000-2002.
Coordinator, UN System-wide Earthwatch, United Nations Environment Programme, Geneva, Switzerland, 1992-2000.
Deputy Assistant Executive Director, Division of Environment Information and Assessment, United Nations Environment Programme, Geneva, Switzerland, 1996-1998.
Deputy to the Director, Oceans and Coastal Areas Programme Activity Centre, United Nations Environment Programme, Nairobi, Kenya, 1989-1992.
Consulting ecologist to governments and international organizations, 1982-1989, including: Government of New Caledonia; South Pacific Regional Environment Programme; Kanak Cultural, Scientific and Technical Office (New Caledonia); Office of Technology Assessment, United States Congress; World Conservation Union (IUCN); Oceans and Coastal Areas Programme Activity Centre, United Nations Environment Programme; Institut Francais de Recherche pour l'Exploitation de la Mer (IFREMER); Environment and Policy Institute, East-West Center; UNESCO.
Regional Ecological Adviser, South Pacific Commission, Noumea, New Caledonia, 1974-1982 (organized South Pacific Regional Environment Programme).
Associate Curator (Algae), Department of Botany, National Museum of Natural History, Smithsonian Institution, Washington, D.C., 1970-1974, and Research Associate, 1974-1982.
Visiting Postdoctoral Research Associate, Department of Botany, Smithsonian Institution, Washington, D.C., U.S.A., 1969-1970.
Teaching Assistant, Department of Biological Sciences, University of California, Santa Barbara, California, 1965-1966.

RESEARCH EXPERIENCE relevant to marine algae:
Studies on ecology of Littorina (Gastropoda), 1964.
Culture studies of subtidal marine algae, 1964-1966.
Studies on the life history and epiphytism of Soranthera (Phaeophyta), 1965.
Research on ecology, reproduction, submicroscopic structure, and vegetative development of the brown alga Zonaria farlowii (Dictyotales), 1964-1969.
Study of the initial effects of the Santa Barbara oil spill, 1969.
Development of quantitative marine ecological surveys and long-term coral reef monitoring techniques, 1969-present.
Studies, as part of interdisciplinary programs, of coral reef and algal ecology, with development of theoretical systems models, 1970-1974.
Research on deep coral reef ecology as an aquanaut in the Puerto Rico International Undersea Laboratory (PRINUL) habitat, Puerto Rico, 1972.
Studies of quantification of coral reef and algal surface areas and spatial relationships, 1972-1976.
Research into urban impact on the coastal zone in tropical developing countries and studies of appropriate strategies for waste management, 1979-1982.

MEETINGS AND FIELD EXPERIENCE relevant to marine algae:
1965
Participant in Fifth International Seaweed Symposium, Halifax, Canada.
Co-authored paper presented at American Association for the Advancement of Science Meeting, Berkeley, California.
1966
Presented paper on behalf of M. Neushul at Pacific Science Congress, Tokyo, Japan; participated in Symposium on Marine Parks following Congress; visited Japanese algological laboratories.
Presented paper at First European Symposium on Marine Biology, Helgoland, Germany.
Gave seminar at Laboratoire de Biologie Végétale Marine, Université de Paris, France.
Co-authored paper presented at Western Society of Naturalists meeting, California.
1968
Presented paper at Sixth International Seaweed Symposium, Santiago, Spain.
Presented paper at Western Society of Naturalists meeting, Oregon.
1969
Field collections of marine algae in Gulf of California, Mexico.
Participated in initial field surveys of effects of Santa Barbara oil spill, California.
Field collections of marine algae in Caribbean (Puerto Rico and Windward Islands).
Presented demonstration, Eleventh International Botanical Congress, Seattle, Washington.
1970
Visited Western and American Samoa to establish coastal monitoring surveys and to conduct ecological research.
Made diving surveys of coral reefs and algal collections at Eilat, Israel.
1971
Participant in diving reef surveys at Acklins Island, Bahamas; Caribbean and Pacific coasts of Panama; Belize, particularly Glovers Reef; Palau, Yap, Ant and Pakin (near Ponape) in Micronesia; and American Samoa.
Presented paper at Seventh International Seaweed Symposium, Japan.
Co-organizer and working group leader at Coral Reef Workshop in Belize organized by Comparative Investigations of Tropical Reef Ecosystems program.
1972
Research on coral reef algae at Smithsonian Tropical Research Institute in Panama and in Belize.
Visited laboratories and museums in Norway, Sweden and Finland.
Reef research, and lecture tour on coral reef ecology, Belize.
Aquanaut studying reef algal ecology in two-week saturation diving mission of Puerto Rico Inter-National Undersea Laboratory (PRINUL).
1973
Presented paper at Northeast Algal Discussion Group Meeting, Connecticut.
Continued research on coral reef algae and reef ecology in Belize.
Presented paper at Second International Symposium on Coral Reefs, held along the Great Barrier Reef, Australia, and visited several reef habitats in Australia and Fiji.
Continued reef monitoring and environmental surveys in American and Western Samoa.
1974
Participant in Harbor Branch Foundation Coral Reef Workshop, Fort Pierce, Florida.
Further field research on coral reef algae, reef surface area, and competition for space, Belize.
Presented invited paper at International Symposium on Indo-Pacific Tropical Reef Biology, Guam and Palau; examined reef sites in Guam, Palau and Hawaii.
Moved from Washington, D.C. to Noumea, New Caledonia.
Presented paper at Eighth International Seaweed Symposium, Bangor, Wales.
1975
Presented two papers (one invited) at Thirteenth Pacific Science Congress, Vancouver, Canada.
Continued reef monitoring surveys in American Samoa.
1976
Conducted survey of reef and lagoon areas for Government of Cook Islands.
1978
Presented paper at International Symposium on Marine Biogeography and Evolution in the Southern Hemisphere, New Zealand and Fiji.
Organized and directed Expert Meeting on Coral Reef Monitoring, Motupore Island, Papua New Guinea.
1979
Consultant to UNESCO meeting on development of coral reef research and marine science activities in the Pacific, Honolulu, Hawaii.
1980
Directed major study for the government of New Caledonia of pollution problems and waste treatment strategies for the Noumea urban area.
Continued long-term monitoring surveys of coral reefs in American Samoa.
Presented paper at Second International Symposium on Biology and Management of Mangroves and Tropical Shallow Water Communities, Papua New Guinea.
Invited participant in UNESCO Seminar on Marine and Coastal Processes in the Pacific, Papua New Guinea.
1981
Invited participant in UNESCO Workshop in Research and Training Priorities for Coral Reef Management in Oceania, South Asia and Southeast Asia, Philippines.
Participant, 4th International Coral Reef Symposium, Manila.
Invited participant in UNDP-CCOP/SOPAC Inshore and Nearshore Resources Training Workshop, Fiji.
1985
Participated as symposium organizer, chairman and speaker at 5th International Coral Reef Congress, Tahiti, and in associated meetings of international scientific committees.
Designed and installed underwater nature trail in Palolo Deep Marine Reserve, Western Samoa.
1986
Presented invited paper in Symposium on Ecological Management of Coastal Zones at IV International Congress of Ecology, New York, U.S.A., and participated in meeting of IUCN Commission on Ecology.
Participant in International Society of Reef Studies Meeting, Germany.
1987
Participant in Unesco-IUBS Commission on Biology Education workshop, Bangsaen, Thailand.
1988
Symposium organizer and chairman, and presented paper at 6th International Coral Reef Symposium, Townsville, Australia.
1992
Presented paper at 7th International Coral Reef Symposium, Guam.
1996
Participant in 6th International Coral Reef Symposium, Panama.
Chaired Technical Meeting on Clearing-house for Global Plan of Action for the Protection of the Marine Environment from Land-based Activities, Geneva.
1998
Member, Steering Committee, Global Ocean Observing System (GOOS), Paris, France.
Participant, GESAMP Working Group on Marine Environmental Assessments, Geneva.
2000
Participant in Global Ocean Observing System Steering Committee, Paris, France.
Participant in International Coral Reef Action Network Partners Meeting, Penang, Malaysia.
Participant in 9th International Coral Reef Symposium and International Coral Reef Initiative Coordination and Planning Committee, Bali, Indonesia.
2001
Chaired Scientific Advisory Committee, National Caribbean Coral Reef Research Center, Miami, Florida.
Chaired Steering Committee for International Coral Reef Action Network, and represented UNEP in International Coral Reef Initiative Coordination and Planning Committee and ICRI Regional Workshop, Cebu, Philippines.
Participant in International Coral Reef Action Network Regional Seas Meeting, Bonaire, Netherlands Antilles.
Participant in NCORE Workshop on Priorities for Caribbean Coral Reef Research, and chaired NCORE Scientific Advisory Committee, Miami, Florida.
Chaired International Coral Reef Action Network (ICRAN) Steering Committee, participant in International Coral Reef Initiative (ICRI) Coordination and Planning Committee and ICRI Regional Workshop, and organizer IGOS Coral Reef Theme team meeting, Maputo, Mozambique.
Consultations with government and other partners on coral reef action, Madagascar
2002
Co-organizer Coral Reef Theme team meeting for Integrated Global Observing Strategy, and speaker, Workshp on Satellite Oceanography and Coral Bleaching, Magnetic Island, Australia.
Participant, International Coral Reef Action Network (ICRAN) Steering Committee, UNEP representative to International Coral Reef Initiative (ICRI) Coordination and Planning Committee and ICRI Regional Workshop, and organizer IGOS Coral Reef Theme team meeting, Cancun, Mexico.
Chaired Scientific Advisory Committee, National Caribbean Coral Reef Research Center, University of Miami, and participated in Workshop on the Future of Decision-support for Coral Reef Management, Miami, Florida.
Represented International Coral Reef Action Network (ICRAN) at World Summit on Sustainable Development, Johannesburg, South Africa, and spoke at ICRI/ICRAN parallel event.
2003
Chaired Scientific Advisory Committee, National Caribbean Coral Reef Research Center, University of Miami.
Participant in Sponsors Group for Global Observing Systems and Integrated Global Observing Strategy Partnership, Paris, and as co-leader of theme team, presented IGOS Coral Reef Sub-theme Report for final approval.
Invited speaker, International Conference on the Impact of Global Environmental Problems on Continental and Coastal Marine Waters, Geneva.
Participant, Integrated Global Observing Strategy Coastal Theme Workshop, Hamilton, New Zealand.
Invited discussant, Global Forum on Oceans, Coasts and Islands, UNESCO, Paris.
2004
Participant, Integrated Global Observing Strategy Coastal Theme Workshops, UNESCO, Paris, France, and University of Miami, Florida, USA.
Participant in 10th International Coral Reef Symposium, Okinawa, Japan.
Chaired Scientific Advisory Committee, National Caribbean Coral Reef Research Center, University of Miami.
2005
Represented Global Islands Network and South Pacific Applied Geoscience Commission at the Mauritius International Meeting on further implementation of the Programme of Action for Small Island Developing States, chaired side event for International Coral Reef Initiative, and participated in the presentation of SOPAC Environmental Vulnerability Index.
2007
Mission with IRD to Noumea, New Caledonia to plan their research component of the Coral Reef Initiative in the South Pacific (CRISP) programme, with lectures at IRD and the University of New Caledonia.

OTHER PROFESSIONAL EXPERIENCE relevant to marine algae
Member, FAO working group on world seaweed resources, 1969-1970.
Member, Evolutionary and Systematic Biology Steering Committee, Board of Academic Studies, Smithsonian Institution, 1970-1973.
Planning and organization of international programmes, including the proposed program of Comparative Investigations of Tropical Reef Ecosystems involving 80 scientists, prepared for International Decade of Ocean Exploration Program of U.S. National Science Foundation, 1970-1972.; the Investigations of Marine Shallow-Water Ecosystems program, Smithsonian Institution, 1971-1974; and International Coral Reef Action Network (2000-2002).
Consultant to National Geographic Society and other organizations on algae and coral reefs, 1973-1974.
Editorial board of Coral Reef Newsletter, 1973-1980.
Co-editor of special issue of Atoll Research Bulletin on Comparative Investigations of Tropical Reef Ecosystems (CITRE) program, 1974.
Organized and directed an Expert Meeting on Coral Reef Monitoring, 1978; and UNEP symposia on regional co-operation on protection of the marine environment in the Pacific, 1983 and 1987.
Member, Commission on Ecology, World Conservation Union (IUCN), 1979-1994.
Member, IABO Coral Reef Committee, 1982-1985 and 1990-1993.
Edited volumes of scientific papers on Pacific environment for UNEP, 1983-1984 and 1987-1988.
Member, International Organizing Committee, Third International Phycological Congress (Melbourne, 1988), 1985-1988.
Consultant to UNESCO on marine science education in the Pacific, 1987-1988.
Co-organizer of mini-symposium at 6th International Coral Reef Symposium, 1988.
Member, Commission on Ecosystem Management, World Conservation Union (IUCN), 1998-present.
Director, UNEP Coral Reef Unit, responsible for UNF/UNFIP International Coral Reef Action Network projects, 2000-2002.
Chairman, Steering Committee, International Coral Reef Action Network, 2000-2002. (http://www.icran.org)
Chairman, Scientific Advisory Committee, National Center for Caribbean Coral Reef Research, 2001-present. (http://www.ncoremiami.org/)
Co-leader, Coral Reef Sub-theme team, Integrated Global Observing Strategy (IGOS) Partnership, 2001-2004. (http://coral.unep.ch/igoscr.htm)
Acting Director, International Coral Reef Action Network, 2002.
Member, Coastal Theme Team, Integrated Global Observing Strategy (IGOS) Partnership, 2003-2004.

PROFESSIONAL SOCIETY MEMBERSHIPS relevant to marine algae:
British Phycological Society
International Phycological Society
International Society for Reef Studies (Founding Member of Council, 1980-1983)
Pacific Science Association
Phycological Society of America

Development, form and environment in the brown alga Zonaria farlowii (Dictyotales). Botanica Marina 14:76-112 (1971). [Integrated analysis of the relationships between cellular organization, morphology and ecology in a marine alga].

Zonation in the apical cell of Zonaria. Amer. J. Bot. 59:393-400 (1972). (with M. Neushul)

Ultrastructural studies of brown algal nuclei. Amer. J. Bot. 59:401-410 (1972). (with M. Neushul)

Ecology and community structure of some tropical reef algae in Samoa. p. 36-39. In Kazutosi Nisizawa (ed.), Proceedings of the Seventh International Seaweed Symposium. University of Tokyo Press, Tokyo, 1972.

Benthic algal ecology in a deep reef and sand habitat off Puerto Rico. Botanica Marina 16:171-175 (1973).

Surface area in ecological analysis: quantification of benthic coral reef algae. Marine Biology 23:239-249 (1973). [Quantitative analysis of complex reef surfaces with a discussion of their ecological significance].

A preliminary coral reef ecosystem model. Atoll Research Bulletin 172:7-36 (1974). (edited with B.C. Patton, S.V. Smith and J.C. Zieman, Jr.) [Results of a working group of 80 scientists planning a systems model of a coral reef ecosystem].

The structure and dynamics of benthic algae in the coral reef ecosystem. InProceedings of the Second International Symposium on Coral Reefs 1:21-25. The Great Barrier Reef Committee, Brisbane, Australia, 1974.

Generation of photosynthetic surface area by coral reef algae. Micronesica 12(1):43-47 (1976).

Environmental impact on a Samoan coral reef: a resurvey of Mayor's 1917 transect. Pacific Science 31(3):309-319 (1977). (with A. Lamberts) [Quantitative analysis of changes on a coral reef over 60 years].

Monitoring coral reefs for urban impact. Bull. Mar. Sci. 31(3):544-551 (1981).

Coral reef monitoring handbook. South Pacific Commission, Noumea, 1981. 21 p. Reprinted as SPC/UNEP, Coral reef monitoring handbook. Reference Methods for Marine Pollution Studies No. 25. UNEP, 1984. 25 p.

Algal zonation on the Belize barrier reef, p. 303-306. In G. E. Fogg and W. Eifion Jones (eds.), Proceedings of the Eighth International Seaweed Symposium. The Marine Science Laboratories, Menai Bridge (U.K.), 1981.

BIBLIOGRAPHY relevant to marine algae
1964
Macroscopic algal foods of Littorina planaxis Philippi and Littorina scutulata Gould (Gastropoda: Prosobranchiata). The Veliger 7(2): 139-143.
1967
Composition and growth of subtidal parvosilvosa from Californian kelp forests. Helgolander Wiss. Meeresunters. 15:480-488. (with M. Neushul)
Growth and development of Sciadophycus stellatus Dawson. Bull. So. Calif. Acad. Sci. 66(3):195-200. (with M. Neushul, J. Scott and D. Olsen)
1969
The effect of environment on growth and development in Zonaria farlowii. p. 123-132. In Ramon Margalef (ed.), Proceedings of the Sixth International Seaweed Symposium. Subsecretaria de la Marina Mercante, Direccion General de Pesca Maritima, Madrid.
The meristematic cell as a developmental unit in the brown alga Zonaria. Eleventh International Botanical Congress, Seattle, Washington. Abstracts, p. 40.
1971
Development, form and environment in the brown alga Zonaria farlowii (Dictyotales). Botanica Marina 14:76-112.
1972
Zonation in the apical cell of Zonaria. Amer. J. Bot. 59:393-400. (with M. Neushul)
Ultrastructural studies of brown algal nuclei. Amer. J. Bot. 59:401-410. (with M. Neushul)
Ecology and community structure of some tropical reef algae in Samoa. p. 36-39. In Kazutosi Nisizawa (ed.), Proceedings of the Seventh International Seaweed Symposium. University of Tokyo Press, Tokyo.
1973
Biological proportions. Science 181:469.
Benthic algal ecology in a deep reef and sand habitat off Puerto Rico. Botanica Marina 16:171-175.
Surface area in ecological analysis: quantification of benthic coral reef algae. Marine Biology 23:239-249.
1974
The biology of the Rhodophyta (book review). Taxon 23(2/3):391-392.
The structure and dynamics of benthic algae in the coral reef ecosystem. InProceedings of the Second International Symposium on Coral Reefs 1:21-25. The Great Barrier Reef Committee, Brisbane, Australia.
A preliminary coral reef ecosystem model. Atoll Res. Bull. 172:7-36. (edited with B.C. Patton, S.V. Smith and J.C. Zieman, Jr.)
A comparative survey of coral reef research sites. Atoll Res. Bull. 172:37-120. (with I.G. Macintyre and A. Antonius)
1975
Coral reef surveys. S. Pac. Commission Env. Newsletter 2:8-10.
1976
Generation of photosynthetic surface area by coral reef algae. Micronesica 12(1):43-47.
1977
Monitoring man's impact on Pacific Island reefs. In Proceedings: Third International Coral Reef Symposium 2:571-575. Rosenstiel School of Marine and Atmospheric Science, University of Miami, Miami, Florida.
Environmental impact on a Samoan coral reef: a resurvey of Mayor's 1917 transect. Pac. Sci. 31(3):309-319. (with A. Lamberts)
1978
Spatial modelling of coral reefs. Atoll Res. Bull. 220:13-18.
1979
Marine ecosystems and biotic provinces in the South Pacific area. In Proceedings International Symposium on Marine Biogeography Southern Hemisphere. New Zealand Department of Scientific and Industrial Research, Information Series No. 137. 2:541-546.
1980
Report on marine surveys of Rarotonga and Aitutaki. (Report to Cook Islands Government). South Pacific Commission, Noumea. 13 p.
1981
Monitoring coral reefs for urban impact. Bull. Mar. Sci. 31(3):544-551.
Coral reef monitoring handbook. South Pacific Commission, Noumea. 21 p. Reprinted as SPC/UNEP, Coral reef monitoring handbook. Reference Methods for Marine Pollution Studies No. 25. UNEP, 1984. 25 p.
Algal zonation on the Belize barrier reef, p. 303-306. In G. E. Fogg and W. Eifion Jones (eds.), Proceedings of the Eighth International Seaweed Symposium. The Marine Science Laboratories, Menai Bridge (U.K.).
1985
Status and conservation of South Pacific coral reefs. In Proceedings Fifth International Coral Reef Congress, Tahiti, 27 May-1 June 1985. Vol. 6, p. 509-513.
The challenge of conserving and managing coral reef ecosystems, p. 85-87. In A. L. Dahl and J. Carew-Reid (eds.), Environment and Resources in the Pacific: A Regional Approach. Regional Seas Reports and Studies No. 69. United Nations Environment Programme, Geneva.
1986
Coastal ecosystems and rapid sea-level rise. The Siren 31:18-22.
1988.
The marine environment. In P.J. Kelley (ed.), Field Work in Ecology for Secondary Schools in Tropical Countries. Science and Technology Education, Document Series No. 30. Unesco, Paris, ED-88/WS/47. Reprinted as Field Work in Marine Ecology for Secondary Schools in Tropical Countries. MARINF/80. Unesco, Paris, 1990. 90 p.
1989
Are human impacts, either through traditional or contemporary uses, stabilizing or destabilizing to reef community structure? In Proceedings Sixth International Coral Reef Symposium, Vol. 1:63-69. (with Bernard Salvat).
Impact assessment of Cyclone Sally on the almost-atoll of Aitutaki (Cook Islands) by remote sensing. In Proceedings Sixth International Coral Reef Symposium, Vol. 2:455-462. (with L. Loubersac, P. Collotte, O. Lemaire, L. d'Ozouville and A. Grotte).
1992
Organizing the global monitoring of coral reefs. In Proceedings Seventh International Coral Reef Symposium, Guam, Vol. 1:85-89.
1993
The Large Marine Ecosystem approach to Regional Seas Action Plans and Conventions: a geographic perspective, chpt. 2, p. 15-17. In K. Sherman, L.M. Alexander and B.D. Gold (eds.), Large Marine Ecosystems: Stress, Mitigation and Sustainability, AAAS Press, Washington, DC.
Una nueva misión para los museos de Ciencias Naturales en relación con los cambios ambientales a largo plazo. Boletín del Museo Argentino de Ciencias Naturales "Bernardino Rivadavia" Año 3 No. 7, p. 7-9. August 1993 [in Spanish].
Land-based pollution and integrated coastal management. In Lee Kimball (ed.), UNCED's marine agenda: the challenges of implementation. Marine Policy 17(6):561-572, special issue, November 1993.
1996
Initial Implementation of the clearing house mechanism. Annex IV, p. 33-57 in Report of the Technical Meeting on the Global Programme of Action for the Protection of the Marine Environment from Land-based Activities Clearing-house, Geneva, 26-27 September 1996. UNEP(WATER)/LBA/C-H.1
2002
IGOS Coral Reef Theme. Reef Encounter 31:25-26 (March 2002).
Monitoring Coral Reefs: Ecosystems in Crisis. IHDP Newsletter 2/2002, p. 4-5.
Coral Reefs: a New IGOS Sub-theme. IGOS Bulletin 7, November 2002 (with Alan E. Strong).
2003
IGOS Coral Reef Sub-theme Report, Published for Integrated Global Observing Strategy (IGOS) Partnership by NOAA, Silver Springs, Maryland, USA (with Alan E. Strong and theme team).
http://ioc.unesco.org/igospartners/docs/theme_reports/IGOS_CoralReefSubtheme.pdf 
http://coral.unep.ch/igoscrrp.htm
Coral Reefs: An Ecosystem under Global Stress. Abstract and powerpoint presentation on CD ROM. NEAR International Conference: The impact of global environmental problems on continental and coastal marine waters, Geneva, 16-18 July 2003. Abstracts and presentations. Centre d'études en sciences naturelles de l'environnement, Université de Genève, Geneva, Switzerland.